Apache Ant - Frequently Asked Questions

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# Frequently Asked Questions

### Questions

#### About this FAQ

- Where do I find the latest version of this document?
- How can I contribute to this FAQ?
- How do you create the HTML version of this FAQ?

#### General

- What is Apache Ant?
- Why do you call it Ant?
- Tell us a little bit about Ant's history.

#### Installation

- I get checksum errors when I try to extract the `tar.gz` distribution file. Why?
- How do you get ant-1.6.x (or any version later than 1.5.2) to work on on RedHat ES 3?

#### How do I ...

- How do I realize os--specific configurations?
- How do I add an external task that I've written to the page "External Tools and Tasks"?
- How do I create new tasks?
- How do I pass parameters from the command line to my build file?
- How can I use Jikes-specific command-line switches?
- How do I include a < character in my command-line arguments?
- How do I redirect standard input or standard output in the `<exec>` task?
- How do I execute a batch file or shell script from Ant?
- I want to execute a particular target only if multiple conditions are true.
- How can I include national characters like German umlauts in my build file?
- How do I use `jar`'s `M` switch? I don't want a MANIFEST.
- How can I do something like `<property name="prop" value="${${anotherprop}}"/>` (double expanding the property)?
- How can I delete everything beneath a particular directory, preserving the directory itself?

#### It doesn't work (as expected)

- General Advice
- Why does Ant always recompile all my Java files?
- I've used a `<delete>` task to delete unwanted SourceSafe control files (CVS files, editor backup files, etc.), but it doesn't seem to work; the files never get deleted. What's wrong?
- I have a target I want to skip if a property is set, so I have `unless="property"` as an attribute of the target, but all the targets this target depends on are still executed. Why?
- In my `<fileset>`, I've put in an `<exclude>` of all files followed by an `<include>` of just the files I want, but it isn't giving me any files at all. What's wrong?
- `ant` failed to build my program via javac even when I put the needed jars in an external `build.properties` file and reference them by `pathelement` or `classpath refid`.
- Ant creates WAR files with a lower-case `web-inf` or JAR files with a lower-case `meta-inf` directory.
- I installed Ant 1.6.x and now get `Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError:`
- I installed Ant 1.6.x and now get `java.lang.InstantiationException: org.apache.tools.ant.Main`
- Whenever I use the Ant jar or manifest related tasks, long lines in my manifest are wrapped at 70 characters and the resulting jar does not work in my application server. Why does Ant do this?

#### Ant and IDEs/Editors

- Is Ant supported by my IDE/Editor?
- Why doesn't (X)Emacs/vi/MacOS X's project builder correctly parse the error messages generated by Ant?

#### Advanced Issues

- Is there a DTD that I can use to validate my build files?
- How do I include an XML snippet in my build file?
- How do I send an email with the result of my build process?
- How do I get at the properties that Ant was running with from inside BuildListener?

#### Known Problems

- Ant 1.7.0 doesn't build from sources without JUnit
- <chmod> or <exec> doesn't work in Ant 1.3 on Unix
- JavaDoc failed: java.io.IOException: javadoc: cannot execute
- <style> or <junit> ignores my <classpath>
- <style> or <junit> ignores my <classpath> - Ant 1.5.x version
- <style> or <junit> ignores my <classpath> - Ant 1.6.x version
- When running Ant 1.4 on Windows XP and JDK 1.4, I get various errors when trying to `<exec>`, fork `<java>` or access environment variables.
- The `ant` wrapper script of Ant 1.5 fails for Cygwin if `ANT_HOME` is set to a Windows style path.
- `<zip>` is broken in Ant 1.5.2.
- Why do my custom task containers see Unknown Elements in Ant 1.6 - they worked in Ant 1.5?
- The program I run via <java> throws an exception but I can't seem to get the full stack trace.
- Using format="xml", <junit> fails with a `NoClassDefFoundError` if forked.
- `<junitreport>` doesn't work with JDK 1.5 but worked fine with JDK 1.4.

### Answers

Where do I find the latest version of this document?

The latest version can always be found at Ant's homepage http://ant.apache.org/faq.html.

How can I contribute to this FAQ?

The page you are looking it is generated from this document. If you want to add a new question, please submit a patch against this document to one of Ant's mailing lists; hopefully, the structure is self-explanatory.

If you don't know how to create a patch, see the patches section of this page.

How do you create the HTML version of this FAQ?

We use Anakia to render the HTML version from the original XML file.

The Velocity stylesheets used to process the XML files can be found in the `xdocs/stylesheets` subdirectory of Ant's SVN repository - the build file `docs.xml` at the top level of the ant SVN module (trunk) is used to drive Anakia.

This file assumes that you have the `jakarta-site2` CVS module checked out as well, but if you follow the instruction from Anakia's homepage, you should get it to work without that. Just make sure all required jars are in the task's classpath.

What is Apache Ant?

Ant is a Java-based build tool. In theory, it is kind of like Make, without Make's wrinkles and with the full portability of pure Java code.

Why do you call it Ant?

According to Ant's original author, James Duncan Davidson, the name is an acronym for "Another Neat Tool".

Later explanations go along the lines of "ants do an extremely good job at building things", or "ants are very small and can carry a weight dozens of times their own" - describing what Ant is intended to be.

Tell us a little bit about Ant's history.

Initially, Ant was part of the Tomcat code base, when it was donated to the Apache Software Foundation. It was created by James Duncan Davidson, who is also the original author of Tomcat. Ant was there to build Tomcat, nothing else.

Soon thereafter, several open source Java projects realized that Ant could solve the problems they had with Makefiles. Starting with the projects hosted at Jakarta and the old Java Apache project, Ant spread like a virus and is now the build tool of choice for a lot of projects.

In January 2000, Ant was moved to a separate CVS module and was promoted to a project of its own, independent of Tomcat, and became Apache Ant.

The first version of Ant that was exposed to a larger audience was the one that shipped with Tomcat's 3.1 release on 19 April 2000. This version has later been referred to as Ant 0.3.1.

The first official release of Ant as a stand-alone product was Ant 1.1, released on 19 July 2000. The complete release history:

Ant Version | Release Date
--- | ---
1.1 | 19 July 2000
1.2 | 24 October 2000
1.3 | 3 March 2001
1.4 | 3 September 2001
1.4.1 | 11 October 2001
1.5 | 10 July 2002
1.5.1 | 3 October 2002
1.5.2 | 3 March 2003
1.5.3 | 9 April 2003
1.5.4 | 12 August 2003
1.6.0 | 18 December 2003
1.6.1 | 12 February 2004
1.6.2 | 16 July 2004
1.6.3 | 28 April 2005
1.6.4 | 19 May 2005
1.6.5 | 2 June 2005
1.7.0 | 19 December 2006
1.7.1 | 27 June 2008

I get checksum errors when I try to extract the `tar.gz` distribution file. Why?

Ant's distribution contains file names that are longer than 100 characters, which is not supported by the standard tar file format. Several different implementations of tar use different and incompatible ways to work around this restriction.

Ant's <tar> task can create tar archives that use the GNU tar extension, and this has been used when putting together the distribution. If you are using a different version of tar (for example, the one shipping with Solaris), you cannot use it to extract the archive.

The solution is to either install GNU tar, which can be found here, or use the zip archive instead (you can extract it using `jar xf`).

How do you get ant-1.6.x (or any version later than 1.5.2) to work on on RedHat ES 3?

Redhat ES 3.0 comes installed with ant 1.5.2. Even if you have your PATH and ANT_HOME variables set correctly to a later version of ant, you will always be forced to use the preinstalled version.

To use a later version of ant on this OS you could do the following:

    $ ant -version
    Apache Ant version 1.5.2-23 compiled on November 12 2003
    $ su -
    # rpm -e ant ant-libs
    # exit
    $ hash -r
    $ ant -version
    Apache Ant version 1.6.2 compiled on July 16 2004

How do I realize os--specific configurations?

The core idea is using property files which name accords to the os-name. Then simply use the build-in property `os.name`.

For better use you should also provide a file with defaul values. But be careful with the correct os-names. For test simply <echo> the Linux on all machines and you can be sure to use the right file names.

              <property file="Linux.properties"/>
              <property file="default.properties"/>

How do I add an external task that I've written to the page "External Tools and Tasks"?

Join and post a message to the dev or user mailing list (one list is enough), including the following information:

- the name of the task/tool
- a short description of the task/tool
- a Compatibility: entry stating with which version(s) of Ant the tool/task is compatible to
- a URL: entry linking to the main page of the tool/task
- a Contact: entry containing the email address or the URL of a webpage for the person or list to contact for issues related to the tool/task. Note that we'll add a link on the page, so any email address added there is not obfuscated and can (and probably will) be abused by robots harvesting websites for addresses to spam.
- a License: entry containing the type of license for the tool/task

The preferred format for this information is a patch to this document.

If you have written something bigger than a 'simple plugin' to Ant it may be better to add the link to projects.html. The procedure to add it is the same. The file to patch is this document. The syntax of that file is the same.

How do I create new tasks?

Apart from a lot of information on using Ant, the Manual also contains information on how to extend Ant with new tasks. This information can be found under "Developing with Ant".

Chances are that someone else already created the task you want to create, it may be wise to see External Tools and Tasks and Related Projects first.

How do I pass parameters from the command line to my build file?

Use properties. Using `ant -Dname=value` lets you define values for properties on the Ant command line. These properties can then be used within your build file as any normal property: `${name}` will put in `value`.

How can I use Jikes-specific command-line switches?

A couple of switches are supported via "magic" properties:

switch | property | default
--- | --- | ---
+E | build.compiler.emacs | false == not set
+P | build.compiler.pedantic | false == not set
+F | build.compiler.fulldepend | false == not set
(Only for Ant < 1.4; replaced by the `nowarn` attribute of the `<javac>` task after that.) -nowarn | build.compiler.warnings | true == not set

With Ant >= 1.5, you can also use nested `<compilerarg>` elements with the `<javac>` task.

How do I include a < character in my command-line arguments?

The short answer is "Use: `&lt;`".

The long answer is that this probably won't do what you want anyway (see the next section).

How do I redirect standard input or standard output in the `<exec>` task?

Say you want to redirect the standard output stream of the `m4` command to write to a file, something like:

    shell-prompt> m4 foo.m4 > foo

and try to translate it into

    <exec executable="m4">
      <arg value="foo.m4"/>
      <arg value="&gt;"/>
      <arg value="foo"/>
    </exec>

This will not do what you expect. The output redirection is performed by your shell, not the command itself, so this should read:

    <exec executable="/bin/sh">
      <arg value="-c" />
      <arg value="m4 foo.m4 &gt; foo" />
    </exec>

Note that you must use the `value` attribute of `<arg>` in the last element, in order to have the command passed as a single, quoted argument. Alternatively, you can use:

    <exec executable="/bin/sh">
      <arg line='-c "m4 foo.m4 &gt; foo"'/>
    </exec>

Note the double-quotes nested inside the single-quotes.

How do I execute a batch file or shell script from Ant?

On native Unix systems, you should be able to run shell scripts directly. On systems running a Unix-type shell (for example, Cygwin on Windows) execute the (command) shell instead - `cmd` for batch files, `sh` for shell scripts - then pass the batch file or shell script (plus any arguments to the script) as a single command, using the `/c` or `-c` switch, respectively. See the above section for example `<exec>` tasks executing `sh`. For batch files, use something like:

    <exec dir="." executable="cmd" os="Windows NT">
      <arg line="/c test.bat"/>
    </exec>

I want to execute a particular target only if multiple conditions are true.

There are actually several answers to this question.

If you have only one set and one unset property to test, you can specify both an `if` and an `unless` attribute for the target, and they will act as if they are "anded" together.

If you are using a version of Ant 1.3 or earlier, the way to work with all other cases is to chain targets together to determine the specific state you want to test for.

To see how this works, assume you have three properties: `prop1`, `prop2`, and `prop3`. You want to test that `prop1` and `prop2` are set, and that `prop3` is not. If the condition holds true you want to echo "yes".

Here is the implementation in Ant 1.3 and earlier:

    <target name="cond" depends="cond-if"/>

    <target name="cond-if" if="prop1">
      <antcall target="cond-if-2"/>
    </target>

    <target name="cond-if-2" if="prop2">
      <antcall target="cond-if-3"/>
    </target>

    <target name="cond-if-3" unless="prop3">
      <echo message="yes"/>
    </target>

Note: `<antcall>` tasks do not pass property changes back up to the environment they were called from, so you wouldn't be able to, for example, set a `result` property in the `cond-if-3` target, then do `<echo message="result is ${result}"/>` in the `cond` target.

Starting with Ant 1.4, you can use the `<condition>` task.

    <target name="cond" depends="cond-if,cond-else"/>

    <target name="check-cond">
      <condition property="cond-is-true">
        <and>
          <not>
            <equals arg1="${prop1}" arg2="${prop1}" />
          </not>
          <not>
            <equals arg1="${prop2}" arg2="${prop2}" />
          </not>
          <equals arg1="${prop3}" arg2="${prop3}" />
        </and>
      </condition>
    </target>

    <target name="cond-if" depends="check-cond" if="cond-is-true">
      <echo message="yes"/>
    </target>

    <target name="cond-else" depends="check-cond" unless="cond-is-true">
      <echo message="no"/>
    </target>

This version takes advantage of two things:

- If a property `a` has not been set, `${a}` will evaluate to `${a}`.
- To get a literal `$` in Ant, you have to escape it with another `$` - this will also break the special treatment of the `${` sequence.

Because testing for a literal `${property}` string isn't all that readable or easy to understand, post-1.4.1 Ant introduces the `<isset>` element to the `<condition>` task.

Here is the previous example done using `<isset>`:

    <target name="check-cond">
      <condition property="cond-is-true">
        <and>
          <isset property="prop1"/>
          <isset property="prop2"/>
          <not>
            <isset property="prop3"/>
          </not>
        </and>
      </condition>
    </target>

The last option is to use a scripting language to set the properties. This can be particularly handy when you need much finer control than the simple conditions shown here but, of course, comes with the overhead of adding JAR files to support the language, to say nothing of the added maintenance in requiring two languages to implement a single system. See the `<script>` task documentation for more details.

How can I include national characters like German umlauts in my build file?

You need to tell the XML parser which character encoding your build file uses, this is done inside the XML declaration.

By default the parser assumes you are using the UTF-8 encoding instead of your platform's default. For most Western European countries you should set the encoding to `ISO-8859-1`. To do so, make the very first line of you build file read like

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1" ?>

How do I use `jar`'s `M` switch? I don't want a MANIFEST.

A JAR archive is a ZIP file, so if you don't want a MANIFEST you can simply use `<zip>`.

If your file names contain national characters you should know that Sun's `jar` utility like Ant's `<jar>` uses UTF-8 to encode their names while `<zip>` uses your platforms default encoding. Use the encoding attribute of `<zip>` if necessary.

How can I do something like `<property name="prop" value="${${anotherprop}}"/>` (double expanding the property)?

Without any external help you can not.

With <script/>, which needs external libraries, you can do

    <script language="javascript">
        propname = project.getProperty("anotherprop");
        project.setNewProperty("prop", propname);
    </script>

With AntContrib (external task library) you can do `<propertycopy name="prop" from="${anotherprop}"/>`.

With Ant 1.6 you can simulate the AntContribs <propertycopy> and avoid the need of an external library:

    <macrodef name="propertycopy">
      <attribute name="name"/>
      <attribute name="from"/>
      <sequential>
        <property name="@{name}" value="${@{from}}"/>
      </sequential>
    </macrodef>

How can I delete everything beneath a particular directory, preserving the directory itself?

Most users who go down this path have no problem figuring out that `<delete includeemptydirs="true" />` will help them. The seemingly tricky part is preserving the base directory itself, which Ant includes in the directory scan. Fortunately the answer is simple:

    <delete includeemptydirs="true">
      <fileset dir="dirtokeep" includes="**/*" />
    </delete>

General Advice

There are many reasons why Ant doesn't behave as expected, not all of them are due to Ant bugs. See our Having Problems? page for hints that may help pinning down the reasons for your problem.

Why does Ant always recompile all my Java files?

In order to find out which files should be compiled, Ant compares the timestamps of the source files to those of the resulting `.class` files. Opening all source files to find out which package they belong to would be very inefficient. Instead, Ant expects you to place your source files in a directory hierarchy that mirrors your package hierarchy and to point Ant to the root of this directory tree with the `srcdir` attribute.

Say you have `<javac srcdir="src" destdir="dest"/>`. If Ant finds a file `src/a/b/C.java`, it expects it to be in package `a.b` so that the resulting `.class` file is going to be `dest/a/b/C.class`.

If your source-tree directory structure does not match your package structure, Ant's heuristic won't work, and it will recompile classes that are up-to-date. Ant is not the only tool that expects a source-tree layout like this.

If you have Java source files that aren't declared to be part of any package, you can still use the `<javac>` task to compile these files correctly - just set the `srcdir` and `destdir` attributes to the actual directory the source files live in and the directory the class files should go into, respectively.

I've used a `<delete>` task to delete unwanted SourceSafe control files (CVS files, editor backup files, etc.), but it doesn't seem to work; the files never get deleted. What's wrong?

This is probably happening because, by default, Ant excludes SourceSafe control files (`vssver.scc`) and certain other files from FileSets.

Here's what you probably did:

    <delete>
      <fileset dir="${build.src}" includes="**/vssver.scc"/>
    </delete>

You need to switch off the default exclusions, and it will work:

    <delete>
      <fileset dir="${build.src}" includes="**/vssver.scc"
               defaultexcludes="no"/>
    </delete>

For a complete listing of the patterns that are excluded by default, see the user manual.

I have a target I want to skip if a property is set, so I have `unless="property"` as an attribute of the target, but all the targets this target depends on are still executed. Why?

The list of dependencies is generated by Ant before any of the targets are run. This allows dependent targets, such as an `init` target, to set properties that can control the execution of the targets higher in the dependency graph. This is a good thing.

However, when your dependencies break down the higher-level task into several smaller steps, this behaviour becomes counter-intuitive. There are a couple of solutions available:

1. Put the same condition on each of the dependent targets.
2. Execute the steps using `<antcall>`, instead of specifying them inside the `depends` attribute.

In my `<fileset>`, I've put in an `<exclude>` of all files followed by an `<include>` of just the files I want, but it isn't giving me any files at all. What's wrong?

The order of the `<include>` and `<exclude>` tags within a `<fileset>` is ignored when the FileSet is created. Instead, all of the `<include>` elements are processed together, followed by all of the `<exclude>` elements. This means that the `<exclude>` elements only apply to the file list produced by the `<include>` elements.

To get the files you want, focus on just the `<include>` patterns that would be necessary to get them. If you find you need to trim the list that the `<include>` elements produce, then use `<exclude>` elements.

`ant` failed to build my program via javac even when I put the needed jars in an external `build.properties` file and reference them by `pathelement` or `classpath refid`.

When `ant` loads properties from an external file it doesn't touch the value of properties, trailing blanks will not be trimmed for example.

If the value represents a file path, like a jar needed to compile, the task which requires the value, javac for example would fail to compile since it can't find the file due to trailing spaces.

Ant creates WAR files with a lower-case `web-inf` or JAR files with a lower-case `meta-inf` directory.

No it doesn't.

You may have seen these lower-case directory names in WinZIP, but WinZIP is trying to be helpful (and fails). If WinZIP encounters a filename that is all upper-case, it assumes it has come from an old DOS box and changes the case to all lower-case for you.

If you extract (or just check) the archive with jar, you will see that the names have the correct case.

With WinZIP (version 8.1 at least), this can be corrected in the configuration. In the Options/Configuration menu, in the View tab, General section, check the "Allow all upper case files names" box. The META-INF and WEB-INF will look correct.

I installed Ant 1.6.x and now get `Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError:`

The cause of this is that there is an old version of ant somewhere in the class path or configuration.

A version of this problem happens with jars that are in the classpath that include an embedded copy of ant classes. An example of this is some copies of weblogic.jar.

One can check if this is the case by doing (on unix/sh): ``

            unset CLASSPATH
            ant -version

I installed Ant 1.6.x and now get `java.lang.InstantiationException: org.apache.tools.ant.Main`

The cause of this is that there is an old version of ant somewhere in the class path or configuration.

A version of this problem may be seen on some linux systems. Some linux systems (Fedora Core 2 for example), comes with a version of ant pre-installed. There is a configuration file called `/etc/ant.conf` which if present, the ant shell script will 'dot' include. On Fedora Core 2, the /etc/ant.conf file resets the `ANT_HOME` environment variable to `/usr/share/ant`. This causes the problem that an old version of ant (1.5.x in this cause) will be used with a new version of the ant script file.

One can check if this is the case by doing `ant --noconfig -version`.

Whenever I use the Ant jar or manifest related tasks, long lines in my manifest are wrapped at 70 characters and the resulting jar does not work in my application server. Why does Ant do this?

Ant implements the Java Jar file specification. Please refer to the notes section where it discusses the maximum allowable length of a line and the concept of continuation characters.

If a jar file produced by Ant does not work in your appserver, and that failure is due to the wrapped manifest, then you need to consult your appserver provider, as it is a bug in their appserver. Far more likely, however, is a problem in your specification of your classpath. It is not Ant's wrapping of your classpath that is the problem.

Do not raise a bug about this issue until you have checked to ensure that the problem is not due to your classpath specification.

Is Ant supported by my IDE/Editor?

See the section on IDE integration on our External Tools and Tasks page.

Why doesn't (X)Emacs/vi/MacOS X's project builder correctly parse the error messages generated by Ant?

Ant adds a "banner" with the name of the current task in front of all logging messages - and there are no built-in regular expressions in your editor that would account for this.

You can disable this banner by invoking Ant with the `-emacs` switch. To make Ant autodetect Emacs' compile mode, put this into your `.antrc` (contributed by Ville Skytt�).

    # Detect (X)Emacs compile mode
    if [ "$EMACS" = "t" ] ; then
      ANT_ARGS="$ANT_ARGS -emacs"
      ANT_OPTS="$ANT_OPTS -Dbuild.compiler.emacs=true"
    fi

Alternatively, you can add the following snippet to your `.emacs` to make Emacs understand Ant's output.

    (require 'compile)
    (setq compilation-error-regexp-alist
      (append (list
         ;; works for jikes
         '("^\\s-*\\[[^]]*\\]\\s-*\\(.+\\):\\([0-9]+\\):\\([0-9]+\\):[0-9]+:[0-9]+:" 1 2 3)
         ;; works for javac
         '("^\\s-*\\[[^]]*\\]\\s-*\\(.+\\):\\([0-9]+\\):" 1 2))
      compilation-error-regexp-alist))

Yet another alternative that preserves most of Ant's formatting is to pipe Ant's output through the following Perl script by Dirk-Willem van Gulik:

    #!/usr/bin/perl
    #
    # May 2001 dirkx@apache.org - remove any
    # [foo] lines from the output; keeping
    # spacing more or less there.
    #
    $|=1;
    while(<STDIN>) {
            if (s/^(\s+)\[(\w+)\]//) {
                    if ($2 ne $last) {
                            print "$1\[$2\]";
                            $s = ' ' x length($2);
                    } else {
                            print "$1 $s ";
                    };
                    $last = $2;
            };
            print;
    };

Is there a DTD that I can use to validate my build files?

An incomplete DTD can be created by the `<antstructure>` task - but this one has a few problems:

- It doesn't know about required attributes. Only manual tweaking of this file can help here.
- It is not complete - if you add new tasks via `<taskdef>` it won't know about it. See this page by Michel Casabianca for a solution to this problem. Note that the DTD you can download at this page is based on Ant 0.3.1.
- It may even be an invalid DTD. As Ant allows tasks writers to define arbitrary elements, name collisions will happen quite frequently - if your version of Ant contains the optional `<test>` and `<junit>` tasks, there are two XML elements named `test` (the task and the nested child element of `<junit>`) with different attribute lists. This problem cannot be solved; DTDs don't give a syntax rich enough to support this.

How do I include an XML snippet in my build file?

You can use XML's way of including external files and let the parser do the job for Ant:

    <?xml version="1.0"?>

    <!DOCTYPE project [
           <!ENTITY common SYSTEM "common.xml">
    ]>

    <project name="test" default="test" basedir=".">

      <target name="setup">
        ...
      </target>

      &common;

      ...

    </project>

will literally include the contents of `common.xml` where you've placed the `&common;` entity.

(The filename `common.xml` in this example is resolved relative to the containing XML file by the XML parser. You may also use an absolute `file:` protocol URI.)

In combination with a DTD, this would look like this:

    <!DOCTYPE project PUBLIC "-//ANT//DTD project//EN" "ant.dtd" [
       <!ENTITY include SYSTEM "header.xml">
    ]>

Starting with Ant 1.6, there is a new `<import>` task that can (also) be used to include build file fragments. Unlike the snippets used with entity includes, the referenced files have to be complete Ant build files, though.

The example above would become:

    <?xml version="1.0"?>
    <project name="test" default="test" basedir=".">

      <target name="setup">
        ...
      </target>

      <import file="./common.xml"/>

      ...

    </project>

Unlike entity includes, `<import>` will let you use Ant properties in the file name.

How do I send an email with the result of my build process?

If you are using a nightly build of Ant 1.5 after 2001-12-14, you can use the built-in MailLogger:

             ant -logger org.apache.tools.ant.listener.MailLogger

See the Listeners & Loggers documentation for details on the properties required.

For older versions of Ant, you can use a custom BuildListener that sends out an email in the buildFinished() method. Will Glozer <will.glozer@jda.com> has written such a listener based on JavaMail. The source is:

    import java.io.*;
    import java.util.*;
    import javax.mail.*;
    import javax.mail.internet.*;
    import org.apache.tools.ant.*;

    /**
     * A simple listener that waits for a build to finish and sends an email
     * of the results.  The settings are stored in "monitor.properties" and
     * are fairly self explanatory.
     *
     * @author      Will Glozer
     * @version     1.05a 09/06/2000
     */
    public class BuildMonitor implements BuildListener {
        protected Properties props;

        /**
         * Create a new BuildMonitor.
         */
        public BuildMonitor() throws Exception {
            props = new Properties();
            InputStream is = getClass().getResourceAsStream("monitor.properties");
            props.load(is);
            is.close();
        }

        public void buildStarted(BuildEvent e) {
        }

        /**
         * Determine the status of the build and the actions to follow, now that
         * the build has completed.
         *
         * @param       e       Event describing the build status.
         */
        public void buildFinished(BuildEvent e) {
            Throwable th = e.getException();
            String status = (th != null) ? "failed" : "succeeded";

            try {
                String key = "build." + status;
                if (props.getProperty(key + ".notify").equalsIgnoreCase("false")) {
                        return;
                }

                Session session = Session.getDefaultInstance(props, null);

                MimeMessage message = new MimeMessage(session);
                message.addRecipients(Message.RecipientType.TO, parseAddresses(
                    props.getProperty(key + ".email.to")));
                message.setSubject(props.getProperty(key + ".email.subject"));

                BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(
                    props.getProperty("build.log")));
                StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();

                String line = br.readLine();
                while (line != null) {
                    sw.write(line);
                    sw.write("\n");
                    line = br.readLine();
                }
                br.close();

                message.setText(sw.toString(), "UTF-8");
                sw.close();

                Transport transport = session.getTransport();
                transport.connect();
                transport.send(message);
                transport.close();
            } catch (Exception ex) {
                System.out.println("BuildMonitor failed to send email!");
                ex.printStackTrace();
            }
        }

        /**
         * Parse a comma separated list of internet email addresses.
         *
         * @param       s       The list of addresses.
         * @return      Array of Addresses.
         */
        protected Address[] parseAddresses(String s) throws Exception {
            StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(s, ",");
            Address[] addrs = new Address[st.countTokens()];

            for (int i = 0; i < addrs.length; i++) {
                addrs[i] = new InternetAddress(st.nextToken());
            }
            return addrs;
        }

        public void messageLogged(BuildEvent e) {
        }

        public void targetStarted(BuildEvent e) {
        }

        public void targetFinished(BuildEvent e) {
        }

        public void taskStarted(BuildEvent e) {
        }

        public void taskFinished(BuildEvent e) {
        }
    }

With a `monitor.properties` like this:

    # configuration for build monitor

    mail.transport.protocol=smtp
    mail.smtp.host=<host>
    mail.from=Will Glozer <will.glozer@jda.com>

    build.log=build.log

    build.failed.notify=true
    build.failed.email.to=will.glozer@jda.com
    build.failed.email.subject=Nightly build failed!

    build.succeeded.notify=true
    build.succeeded.email.to=will.glozer@jda.com
    build.succeeded.email.subject=Nightly build succeeded!

`monitor.properties` should be placed right next to your compiled `BuildMonitor.class`. To use it, invoke Ant like:

    ant -listener BuildMonitor -logfile build.log

Make sure that `mail.jar` from JavaMail and `activation.jar` from the Java Beans Activation Framework are in your `CLASSPATH`.

How do I get at the properties that Ant was running with from inside BuildListener?

You can get at a hashtable with all the properties that Ant has been using through the BuildEvent parameter. For example:

    public void buildFinished(BuildEvent e) {
        Hashtable table = e.getProject().getProperties();
        String buildpath = (String)table.get("build.path");
        ...
    }

This is more accurate than just reading the same property files that your project does, since it will give the correct results for properties that were specified on the Ant command line.

Ant 1.7.0 doesn't build from sources without JUnit

When building Ant 1.7.0 from the source release without junit.jar the build fails with the message "We cannot build the test jar unless JUnit is present".

With Ant 1.7.0 we've started to add ant-testutil.jar as part of the distribution and this causes a hard dependency on JUnit - at least in version 1.7.0. Unfortunately the installation docs don't say so.

There are two workarounds:

1. Add junit.jar to your CLASSPATH when building Ant.
2. Change Ant's buildfile and remove test-jar from the depends list of the dist-lite target.

<chmod> or <exec> doesn't work in Ant 1.3 on Unix

The `antRun` script in `ANT_HOME/bin` has DOS instead of Unix line endings; you must remove the carriage-return characters from this file. This can be done by using Ant's `<fixcrlf>` task or something like:

    tr -d '\r' < $ANT_HOME/bin/antRun > /tmp/foo
    mv /tmp/foo $ANT_HOME/bin/antRun

JavaDoc failed: java.io.IOException: javadoc: cannot execute

There is a bug in the Solaris reference implementation of the JDK (see http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/bugParade/bugs/4230399.html). This also appears to be true under Linux. Moving the JDK to the front of the PATH fixes the problem.

<style> or <junit> ignores my <classpath>

Starting with Ant 1.7.0, <junit> will honor your nested <classpath>.

These tasks don't ignore your classpath setting, you are facing a common problem with delegating classloaders.

This question collects a common type of problem: A task needs an external library and it has a nested classpath element so that you can point it to this external library, but that doesn't work unless you put the external library into the `CLASSPATH` or place it in `ANT_HOME/lib`.

Some background is necessary before we can discuss solutions for Ant 1.5.x and Ant 1.6.x.

When you specify a nested `<classpath>` in Ant, Ant creates a new class loader that uses the path you have specified. It then tries to load additional classes from this classloader.

In most cases - for example using <style> or <junit> - Ant doesn't load the external library directly, it is the loaded class that does so.

In the case of `<junit>` it is the task implementation itself and in the case of `<style>` it is the implementation of the `org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.XSLTLiaison` class.

As of Ant 1.7 `<junit>` no longer requires you to have `junit.jar` in Ant's startup classpath even if `ant-junit.jar` is present there.

Ant's class loader implementation uses Java's delegation model, see http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.2/docs/api/java/lang/ClassLoader.html the paragraph

> The `ClassLoader` class uses a delegation model to search for classes and resources. Each instance of `ClassLoader` has an associated parent class loader. When called upon to find a class or resource, a `ClassLoader` instance will delegate the search for the class or resource to its parent class loader before attempting to find the class or resource itself. The virtual machine's built-in class loader, called the bootstrap class loader, does not itself have a parent but may serve as the parent of a `ClassLoader` instance.

The possible solutions depend on the version of Ant you use, see the next sections.

<style> or <junit> ignores my <classpath> - Ant 1.5.x version

Please read the previous entry before you go ahead.

First of all let's state that Ant's wrapper script (`ant` or `ant.bat`) adds all `.jar` files from `ANT_HOME/lib` to `CLASSPATH`, therefore "in `CLASSPATH`" shall mean "either in your `CLASSPATH` environment variable or `ANT_HOME/lib`" for the rest of this answer.

The root of the problem is that the class that needs the external library is on the `CLASSPATH`.

Let's see what happens when you load the <junit> task. Ant's class loader will consult the bootstrap class loader first, which tries to load classes from `CLASSPATH`. The bootstrap class loader doesn't know anything about Ant's class loader or even the path you have specified.

If the bootstrap class loader can load the class Ant has asked it to load (which it can if `optional.jar` is part of `CLASSPATH`), this class will try to load the external library from `CLASSPATH` as well - it doesn't know anything else - and will not find it unless the library is in `CLASSPATH` as well.

To solve this, you have two major options:

1. put all external libraries you need in `CLASSPATH` as well this is not what you want, otherwise you wouldn't have found this FAQ entry.
2. remove the class that loads the external library from the `CLASSPATH`.

The easiest way to do this is to remove `optional.jar` from `ANT_HOME/lib`. If you do so, you will have to `<taskdef>` all optional tasks and use nested `<classpath>` elements in the `<taskdef>` tasks that point to the new location of `optional.jar`. Also, don't forget to add the new location of `optional.jar` to the `<classpath>` of your `<style>` or `<junit>` task.

If you want to avoid to `<taskdef>` all optional tasks you need, the only other option is to remove the classes that should not be loaded via the bootstrap class loader from `optional.jar` and put them into a separate archive. Add this separate archive to the `<classpath>` of your `<style>` or `<junit>` task - and make sure the separate archive is not in `CLASSPATH`.

In the case of `<junit>` you'd have to remove all classes that are in the `org/apache/tools/ant/taskdefs/optional/junit` directory, in the `<style>` case it is one of the `*Liaison` classes in `org/apache/tools/ant/taskdefs/optional`.

If you use the option to break up `optional.jar` for `<junit>` or remove `ant-junit.jar`, you still have to use a `<taskdef>` with a nested `<classpath>` to define the junit task.

<style> or <junit> ignores my <classpath> - Ant 1.6.x version

Please read the general entry before you go ahead.

The wrapper script of Ant 1.6.x no longer adds the contents of `ANT_HOME/lib` to `CLASSPATH`, instead Ant will create a classloader on top of the bootstrap classloader - let's call it the coreloader for the rest of this answer - which holds the contents of `ANT_HOME/lib`. Ant's core and its tasks will be loaded through this classloader and not the bootstrap classloader.

This causes some small but notable differences between Ant 1.5.x and 1.6.x. Most importantly, a third-party task that is part of `CLASSPATH` will no longer work in Ant 1.6.x since the task now can't find Ant's classes. In a sense this is the same problem this entry is about, only `ant.jar` has become the external library in question now.

This coreloader also holds the contents of `~/.ant/lib` and any file or directory that has been specified using Ant's `-lib` command line argument.

Let's see what happens when you load the <junit> task. Ant's class loader will consult the bootstrap class loader first, which tries to load classes from `CLASSPATH`. The bootstrap class loader doesn't know anything about Ant's class loader or even the path you have specified. If it fails to find the class using the bootstrap classloader it will try the coreloader next. Again, the coreloader doesn't know anything about your path.

If the coreloader can load the class Ant has asked it to load (which it can if `ant-junit.jar` is in `ANT_HOME/lib`), this class will try to load the external library from coreloader as well - it doesn't know anything else - and will not find it unless the library is in `CLASSPATH` or the coreloader as well.

To solve this, you have the following major options:

1. put all external libraries you need in `CLASSPATH` as well this is not what you want, otherwise you wouldn't have found this FAQ entry.
2. put all external libraries you need in `ANT_HOME/lib` or `.ant/lib`. This probably still isn't what you want, but you might reconsider the `.ant/lib` option.
3. Always start Ant with the `-lib` command line switch and point to your external libraries (or the directories holding them).
4. remove the class that loads the external library from the coreloader.

In Ant 1.6 `optional.jar` has been split into multiple jars, each one containing classes with the same dependencies on external libraries. You can move the "offending" jar out of `ANT_HOME/lib`. For the `<junit>` task it would be `ant-junit.jar` and for `<style>` it would be `ant-trax.jar` or `ant-xslp.jar` - depending on the processor you use.

If you do so, you will have to `<taskdef>` all optional tasks that need the external library and use nested `<classpath>` elements in the `<taskdef>` tasks that point to the new location of `ant-*.jar`. Also, don't forget to add the new location of `ant-*.jar` to the `<classpath>` of your `<style>` or `<junit>` task.

For example

        <taskdef name="junit"
                class="org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.optional.junit.JUnitTask">
          <classpath>
            <pathelement location="HOME-OF/junit.jar"/>
            <pathelement location="NEW-HOME-OF/ant-junit.jar"/>
          </classpath>
        </taskdef>

When running Ant 1.4 on Windows XP and JDK 1.4, I get various errors when trying to `<exec>`, fork `<java>` or access environment variables.

Ant < 1.5 doesn't recognize Windows XP as a flavor of Windows that runs `CMD.EXE` instead of `COMMAND.COM`. JDK 1.3 will tell Ant that Windows XP is Windows 2000 so the problem doesn't show up there.

Apart from upgrading to Ant 1.5 or better, setting the environment variable `ANT_OPTS` to `-Dos.name=Windows_NT` prior to invoking Ant has been confirmed as a workaround.

The `ant` wrapper script of Ant 1.5 fails for Cygwin if `ANT_HOME` is set to a Windows style path.

This problem has been reported only hours after Ant 1.5 has been released, see Bug 10664 and all its duplicates.

A fixed version of the wrapper script can be found here. Simply replace your script with this version.

`<zip>` is broken in Ant 1.5.2.

Yes, it is.

The problem reported by most people - see Bug 17648 and all its duplicates - is that Ant creates archives that a partially unreadable by WinZIP. Luckily `jar` deals with the archives and so the generated jars/wars/ears will most likely work for you anyway.

There are additional problems, see bugs Bug 17780, Bug 17871 and Bug 18403. All of them are supposed to be fixed with Ant 1.5.3 (and only 18403 should exist in 1.5.3beta1).

Why do my custom task containers see Unknown Elements in Ant 1.6 - they worked in Ant 1.5?

The objects added in TaskContainer.addTask(Task task) have changed from Tasks to UnknownElements.

There was a number of valid reasons for this change. But the backward compatibility problems were not noticed until after Ant 1.6.0 was released.

Your container class will need to be modified to check if the Task is an UnknownElement and call perform on it to convert it to a Task and to execute it. (see apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Sequential)

If you want to do more processing on the task, you need to use the techniques in apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Antlib#execute() This does make use of one 1.6 method call (UE#getRealObject()), you need to use UE#getTask() instead - this will return null for non tasks (types like fileset id=x).

So.. iterate over the tasks, if they are UEs, convert them to tasks, using UE#maybeConfigure and UE#getTask()

            for (Iterator i = tasks.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
               Task t = (Task) i.next();
               if (t instanceof UnknownElement) {
                  ((UnknownElement) t).maybeConfigure();
                  t = ((UnknownElement) t).getTask();
                  if (t == null) {
                      continue;
                  }
               }
               // .... original Custom code
            }

This approach should work for ant1.5 and ant1.6.

The program I run via <java> throws an exception but I can't seem to get the full stack trace.

This is a know bug that has been fixed after the release of Ant 1.6.1.

As a workaround, run your <java> task with `fork="true"` and Ant will display the full trace.

Using format="xml", <junit> fails with a `NoClassDefFoundError` if forked.

The XML formatter needs the DOM classes to work. If you are using JDK 1.4 or later they are included with your Java Runtime and this problem won't occur. If you are running JDK 1.3 or earlier, the DOM classes have to be on your <junit> task's <classpath>.

Prior to Ant 1.6.0 Ant would include the DOM classes from the XML parser that is used by Ant itself if you set the includeAntRuntime attribute to true (the default). With Ant 1.6.0 this has been changed as this behavior made it impossible to use a different XML parser in your tests.

This means that you have to take care of the DOM classes explicitly starting with Ant 1.6.0. If you don't need to set up a different XML parser for your tests, the easiest solution is to add

    <pathelement path="/home/kev/workspace/ant-core-171/bootstrap/lib/xml-apis.jar:/home/kev/workspace/ant-core-171/bootstrap/lib/xercesImpl.jar"/>

to your task's <classpath>.

`<junitreport>` doesn't work with JDK 1.5 but worked fine with JDK 1.4.

While JDK 1.4.x contains a version of Xalan-J 2, JDK 1.5 (and later?) have moved to XSLTC. Since this task uses Xalan's redirect extensions for its internal stylesheet, Ant prior to 1.6.2 didn't support XSLTC. This means that you have to install Xalan-J 2 in order to use this task with JDK 1.5 in older versions of Ant.

Starting with Ant 1.6.2 `<junitreport>` supports JDK 1.5.